Three discernible schools have emerged among conservative Protestants since the 2000s with respect to Christianity’s relationship to culture. Richard Niebuhr’s standard five-fold classification (Christ against culture, Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ and culture in paradox, and Christ the transformer of culture) is still germane. However, in the present situation, these three schools, though sometimes overlapping, best represent the Christ-and-culture debate among conservative Protestants: Kuyperians, Leftists, and Reductionists.

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